Pea Cultivation

horticulture guruji

Pea, (Pisum sativum), likewise called garden pea, herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae, cultivated basically worldwide for its eatable seeds. Peas can be used fresh as well as canned, or frozen, and dried peas are usually utilized in soups and as a vegetable. In India, it is a common vegetable in winter and is rich in protein and fibre. In this chapter, you will learn its cultivation.

Other Name: – Matar, Mutter, Motor mah, Watana, Bataneelu, Pattani, Batani

Botanical Name: – Pisum sativum

Family: – Leguminoceae

Chromosome No.: – 2n=14

Origin: – Central Asia

Area and Production

In India, it is cultivated in UP, MP, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

S.No.	States	2018
S.No.	States	Area (000 ha)	Production (000 MT)
1.	Uttar Pradesh	221.00	2511.38
2.	Madhya Pradesh	94.99	961.55
3.	Punjab	37.62	394.00
4.	Assam	30.97	28.87
5	Himachal Pradesh	24.37	294.96
6.	West Bengal	22.15	144.25
	Other	109.38	1087.13
	Total	540.48	5422.14

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Important points

Pea is a self-pollinated crop.
A toxic substance present in pea is Trypsin inhibitor.
The botanical name of field pea- Pisum arvense.
Hybrid varieties are not common in pea due to less no. of seed per pod.
Tendrometer is used to measure the maturity of a pea.
Pea contains 72.00 gm moisture, 7.20gm protein, 15.80 gm carbohydrates, 4.00gm fibre and 139 IU vitamin A per 100g edible portion.

Variety

Introduction

Bonneville:- Suitable for dehydration

Sylvia:- Pods also edible

Early Badger

Arkel (from England)

Little marvel

Perfection new line

Lincoln

Early Superb

Meteoror

2. Selection

Arka Ajit:- Resistant to PW and rust

Palam Priya: – Resistant to Powdery mildew

Asauji

Pant Upkar

Harbhajan: – Extreme early

3. Other Varieties

Mithiphali:- Pods also edible

JP-19: – Pods are edible

UN-53: – Edible pods

Jawahar Matar 1: – Mid Season T19 X Greater Progress

Jawahar Matar 2: – Mid Season Greater Progress X Russian 2

Jawahar Matar 3: – T 19 X Ealy Badger

Jawahar Matar 4: – T19 X Little Marvel

PM 2: -Early Bedger X IP 3 Susceptible to powdery mildew

Hissar Harit (PH-1): – early variety

Pant Sabji Matar-3 Arkel X Early Bedger

Punjab 87

Punjab 66

Punjab 8

Narrow Fat

Thomes Laxtons

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Climate

Pea is cool season crop and cultivated temperate, sub-tropical areas. Pea is sensitive to high temperature. A temperature of about 10⁰ to 18⁰C is best to get a higher yield. It is badly affected at flowering or immature pods stage by frost.

Soil

Pea can be cultivated in all types of soils from light sandy to heavy clay soils. Well-drained, loose, sandy loam soil is best to get a high yield. The pH range for pea is between 5.5 to 6.5.

Seed Rate and seed Treatment

The seed rate of pea depends on the growing season. The seed rate for early varieties about 100-120 Kg /ha. And the seed rate for Mid or Late varieties should be kept about 80-90 Kg/ha.

Before sowing, seeds are treated with Captan or Thiram @2gm/Kg seed and also with Rhizobium culture.

Sowing time

In plains of North India, sowing of seed is done for early crop September- October, and Maincrop are sown from the first week of October to the second week of November.
In the Hills, the sowing is done from March to May.

Field Preparation

The field should be plough once with soil turning plough and later 3-4 time with desi plough or cultivator to make the soil better.

Sowing

Generally, the pea is sown on raised beds 120 to 150 cm wide with furrows between them for irrigation. Seeds should be sown on the edges of the bed. Plant to plant spacing is kept about 2.5 – 3.75 cm. Irrigate crop immediately after sowing.

Manure and Fertilizers

At the time of the last ploughing, about 20-25 tons of FYM is mixed with soil. Pea is a leguminous crop; it has root nodules in which atmospheric nitrogen fixation bacteria leave. Due to these bacteria nitrogen requirement is very low for this crop. The recommended dose of Nitrogen 20Kg/ha, Phosphorus 40Kg/ha., and Potash 40Kg/ha. A full dose of all fertilizers should be applied at the time of sowing.

Irrigation

The water requirement of pea is very low. Pea requires 2-3 irrigation at their entire life cycle. Only in dry weather irrigate crop at weekly interval otherwise it irrigates at 10-15 days interval. In a crop submerged with water for a long-time plant become yellow.

Weeding

At the initial stage, plant growth is very slow so at this stage 1-2 weeding is necessary to keep the field weed-free. Besides that, pre-sowing application of 2-3 litter /ha. Basalin or Stamp or Beutachlore controls most of the weeds.

Harvesting

The green pods are ready to harvest after 45 to 60 days of sowing depending on the varieties. Picking of pods is done by hand at 7 to 10 days interval. Peas are harvested when the young tender pods are well filled with the tender seeds. At that time pod colour also change from dark green to light.

Yield

The yield of green pods from early varieties around 30 -40 q/ha. And from mid and late varieties it is 60 – 100 q /ha.

Disease Management

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum):-The early indications of contamination are the presence of block red to purplish-red staining along the veins on the lower surface of the leaves followed by comparable side effects on the upper leaf surface. On the stem, the injuries are at first oval which later broadens and have depressed cankerous focus. The spots on leaves and cases extend and produce small, dark-hued acervuli in the middle which under damp conditions overflow out gooey beads comprising of a mass of pinkish spores.

Control

Use healthy seeds
Follow clean cultivation
Avoid overhead irrigation
Seeds should be treated with captan or Thiram @2gm/kg seed before sowing.
To control disease spray with copper fungicides like Diathane Z 78, Benlate, etc.

2. Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni):- Growth of white powder was observed on the leaves, stem, and other parts of the plant. When there is more outbreak, the entire plant dries up.

Control

Apply sulphur dust or karthane on the affected plants.

3. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum pv. pisi):- Initial symptoms are seen on leaves they turn yellowish and hang down. Due to this, the plant growth stops. When the plant is uprooted, the roots of the plant appear dark black.

Control

Before sowing seeds are treated with thiram or carbendazim @2gm/Kg seed.
Follow crop rotation.
Kept field weed-free.

4. Bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi):– Symptoms are seen on leaves, stem, and pods, water-soaked lesions usually developed into large irregular areas. Later they become dark brown at the edge and a lighter shade of brown at the centre. The tender pods are chocolate brown, thin, twisted, and shrivelled, lesions are large on older pods. Dried bacterial ooze makes the pod surface glossy.

Control

Follow crop rotation.
Use healthy seeds.
Follow clean cultivation.
Kept recommended plant spacing.
Before sowing seeds are treated with Streptocycline @ 250ppm for 2 hours.
Spray Streptocycline 100ppm at 7 days interval.

Pest Management

Pod borer:- pod borer is a major pest of a pea. The larva of this insect eats the surface of the pod. After that, it bore the pod and eat seeds.

Control

Spray Endosulphan 35 EC @02% to control the insect.

2. Jasid (Empoasca tabae):- This pest shows specific symptoms like ‘hopper burn’ on the crop. In the fatal attack of this insect, the margin of the leaf becomes yellow and the leaves become wavy.

Control

Spray crop with phosphomidone or oxymethyl demetone 0.5%.

3. Aphid (Aphis craciuora):- Aphids suck the sap from the tender parts of the plant, resulting in the curling of leaves, twisting of twigs, and sometimes the falling of flowers.

Control